陳冲 英美兩國在巴基斯坦協助下,宣布破獲恐怖份子的「炸機」案件,並將飛安提昇至紅色警戒層次,在旅客、航空公司一片怨言之中,有無受益者?誰是受益者?答案是LV、Gucci、Mulberry等精品業者。由於英國安全措施中有一項係禁止攜帶大於45cm×35cm×16cm的手提行李。因此在此範圍內的手提袋大賣,例如LV生產的Adele限量包,大小為35×27×14,一時頗為搶手;而Gucci為紀念85周年發售的限量包,其大小為42×29×16則更符市場需求。LV總經理Sue Whitely對英國金融時報表示:「短期內因旅客將重新投資旅行包,銷路必然上升。」至於英國名牌Mulberry之營運長Lisa Montague亦指出,該公司產品中名為Emmy的手提包連日來在希瑟羅(Heathrow)機場暢銷,而且旅客均當場清空其他不合規格的提袋,改以Em-my代之,一切皆拜新安全措施之賜。 不過,除精品業外,對英美提昇警戒層次一事,則多有埋怨之聲。由於英國官方表示恐怖份子將採取分散攜帶零件及不同液體登機,嗣後再予組合為液體炸彈之方式爆破飛機,因此登機前的安管措施,自然嚴格甚至嚴苛。不僅每兩人必有一人搜身,而且飛往美國的班機,各種液體,包括飲料、化妝品、藥水均在禁止之列。 安管措施也擴及空服員及駕駛,引起英國駕駛員協會的抗議,尤其是禁止駕駛攜帶牙膏及隱形眼鏡清洗液的規定,更被形容為illogical and frankly bizarre,因為比起駕駛所掌握數千公升的燃油以及全機的安危,實在有違比例原則。著名之歐洲低價航空公司Ryanair甚至為其損失、不便及行李的遺失威脅將起訴要求運輸部賠償200萬英鎊,其執行長Michael O’Leary對警方之規定,斥之以farcial and Keystone Cops-like(註:Keystone Cop係默片時代中扮相滑稽舉止發噱的警察)。 至於網路時代之歐洲網友自然不會放過此一大肆抨擊的機會,紛紛指責英國內政部誇大事實,有使用渲染手法之嫌。甚至有人引用George Orwell小說「1984」中極權社會Elder Brother的心態,形容英國警方故布疑陣,製造不可名狀的恐怖氛圍。 上開反恐後遺症,可以看出英國民間所關心者,無非第一究竟有無恐怖陰謀而須採取緊急因應措施?其次,針對陰謀所採措施是否反應過度或不符比例原則?雖然本案已達國家安全層次,但是民之所欲,在任何行政行為上均屬類同,政府機關所採任何措施,均可能涉及不同之法益,維護其一即可能影響甚至危害其他。因此行政措施的抉擇,須求法益的均衡,不能只求執行之方便,而不計較整體社會之成本。 在我們所處的實境世界中,over re-action並非罕見,尤其是緊急應變時,因防堵必過正,一時過當,更屬難免,此時尤需智慧運用。例如年初卡債問題蔓生時,立法院曾有法案有意修改民法以大幅降低利率上限;當時曾因外界批評反應過度,有開利率自由化倒車之嫌而作罷。近日舊案重提,此一發展其實與日本頗為類似。 日本依據貸金業規制法所定利率上限29.2%,於今年達三年一檢討之時間,主管機關有意降至20%且擬縮減可貸金額,以保護消費者,結果引發不少爭議,甚至國外利益團體亦紛紛表態,例如美國百大金融服務業所組成之Finan- cial Services Roundtable(類似我國之金融總會);20大銀行執行長組成之Fi-nancial Services Forum,以及代表全球上千金融專業經理人之Managed Funds Association均於8月下旬致函日本金融監督廳,表示應再三思,FSR之會長Steve Bartlett更明白表示「歷史證明人為抑壓利率只會嚴重影響消費者獲得授信,造成所謂credit crunch,需要信用愈迫切者,如初貸者或低收入者,均將成為被害者」,多數媒體亦表示,日本政府如一意孤行,是將弱勢借款人推向地下高利貸業者,正常業者可能倒閉,民間消費亦將大受影響。 英國提昇飛安警戒層次,尚有LV等精品業者受益,人為降低消費者貸款之利率,最後可能沒有受益者。 (作者是合作金庫銀行董事長,曾任財政部次長,熟悉金融市場實務與管理) 【2006/09/05 經濟日報】 |
2006年9月5日 星期二
陳冲觀點》反應過度 究誰受益?
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