2006年8月4日 星期五

產品再行銷的6大策略

工商時報/工商經營報/經營知識/D3版 陳偉航
2006/8/3
許多產品都不是一推出就成功,需要經過一段時間的嘗試和摸索以後,找到正確行銷策略以後,才會打開市場打開銷路。
找出新產品推出失敗的原因,然後調整策略重新出發,把產品二度成功地行銷出去,這種做法稱之為「再行銷」(Remarketing)。
以下有6種方法可做為再行銷的策略參考:
1.重新定位
聯合利華公司在推出WISK液式洗潔精的時候,把它定位為「洗淨力超強的洗衣用品」,但是由於它的價格比傳統洗衣粉要貴一倍,因此銷售狀況並不佳。
該公司經過深入的市場調查發現,最令家庭主婦在洗衣服時感到頭痛的問題是衣領上的污漬老是洗不乾淨,因此它改變行銷策略,把W ISK重新定位為「潔領專用洗潔精」,結果使得WISK的銷售量開始上升。
全世界最暢銷的香菸—萬寶路,最早在1924年推出時的定位是「高貴品味的女性香菸」,但是銷路一直都不好。在1954年,萬寶路的製造商菲利普.摩里斯公司更換了廣告代理商,改委託給李奧貝納廣奧告公司。李奧貝納根據市場調查後重新定位為「具有男性氣概的香菸」,並以西部牛仔的形象做為訴求,結果大大地成功。
同樣的情況也發生在7-up汽水。1929年,7-up上市時被定位為「消除胃部不舒服的制酸檸檬蘇打」,強調能夠解除宿醉,結果銷路普通。到了1942年,JWT廣告公司將之重新定位為「帶給全家歡樂的清涼飲料」,使得它在二次世界大戰後成為全美第三大飲料,到了 1968年,面對可口可樂、百事可樂的強烈競爭,它又重新定位為「非可樂」 (uncola),結果5年內銷路又增加了50%,代表非可樂的定位獲得消費者的認同。
2.重新包裝
風行全美的威氏(Welch’s)葡萄汁創立於1956年,早期銷路還不錯,但是到了1980年陸續推出許多新商品後,葡萄汁的銷售卻遲遲未見成長。於是新任執行長艾維特展開整頓,他發現威氏旗下的眾多商品包裝很混亂,因此便著手進行包裝的重新設計。他把所有包裝的外觀全部統一,並放上一個裝滿水果的菜籃子圖案的新標誌,讓消費者容易辨識,結果威氏的產品銷售金額從1982年的1千萬美金,到1987 年成長到3億美金,銷售量遽增。
Life savers薄荷糖是全美最受歡迎的薄荷糖,在1912年剛上市時,它是採取盒式散裝的方式銷售,但盒子一打開糖果容易散落出來,使得雜貨店都不願意賣。後來,它把包裝改良,改用錫箔紙包裝成條狀,外面再包上一張彩色印刷的標籤紙,然後把24條薄荷糖裝在一個硬紙盒裡。結果,銷路從1914年的94萬條在 2年內增加為672萬條。這種包裝方式也成為日後所有糖果的標準包裝方式。
3.改變定價策略
勝家縫紉機創立於1851年,早期的銷路無法打開,最主要的原因是售價太高。當時的定價是每台125美元,當時的每個家庭年平均收入為500美元,這種價格讓縫紉機在當時被認為是非常昂貴的機器。
為了讓縫紉機普及,勝家公司首創現在正為大眾所知的「分期付款」方式,顧客只要先付5美元,就可把縫紉機帶回家,然後餘款以每個月5美金慢慢付清。這種新做法讓銷路逐漸打開。
除此之外,為了讓銷路打開,勝家還針對地方是的婦女領袖,如教師、教士和報紙發行人的妻子等等,給了他們50%的折扣,讓他們可以率先使用,因而產生帶頭作用。
4.改變通路
TIMEX 手錶在1948年推出的時候,定價只有6.95美元,另一款防水手錶也只有12.95美元。原本想要放在傳統的手錶銷售點—珠寶店銷售,可是卻被拒絕。因為當時的珠寶店賣一只100美元的手錶可以賺到50美元,利潤100%,可是賣一只天美時手錶只有30%的利潤2美元,對珠寶來說是蠅頭小利。而且 TIMEX手錶太便宜,壞了也不用修理,對珠寶店來說維修手錶不但可以獲利,還可以讓顧客再上門來光顧,所以珠寶店根本不想賣。
後來TIMEX改變策略,把它推廣到雜貨店和藥妝店,結果受到歡迎。後來他們又把通路鋪到文具店、香菸攤和五金行的反應同樣不錯。
接下來TIMEX又透過大量電視廣告宣傳它的價廉物美,到1960年時營業額已經達到7千萬美元,平均一年銷售出700萬支手錶,占全美手錶銷售量的1/3。到了1962年,TIMEX推出21.95美元的手錶,給零售店44%的利潤,連珠寶店也開始加入銷售。
5.改變訴求方式
金百利(Kimberly-Clark)公司在1921年推出靠得住(Kotex)衛生棉時,雖然它是一個劃時代的產品,但是在當時保守的社會下,它的推廣碰到很大的問題。雜誌不肯刊登它的廣告、商店不願意進貨、家庭主婦也不願意談論,衛生棉成了人人忌諱的產品。
1923 年金百利委託廣告公司做廣告,採取新的訴求方式,以一個虛擬的護士署名刊登標題為「安全解決婦女最大衛生問題」的廣告,在廣告中教導婦女衛生知識,並歡迎函索小冊子的說明書以及靠得住衛生棉的樣品。此舉贏得婦女的信任,他們開始敢打聽衛生棉的資料和藥樣品。1928年它又改變訴求,由一個虛擬的專欄作家在雜誌上和女性消費者閒聊家常,並向猶豫不決的婦女說明為何要試試靠得住:「因為有80%的人已經開始使用靠得住。」透過這兩個虛擬的人物,讓婦女消費者可以信賴,因而把產品推廣出去。
寶僑在1961年推出幫寶適紙尿褲時,也認為它是一個劃時代的新商品,可是推出之後銷售卻很差。後來發現,原來一般家庭主婦不敢採用的原因是他們內心感到不安,怕被認為使用這個是懶惰、浪費的代表。於是幫寶適改弦更張,強調產品可以帶給嬰兒乾淨舒爽的感覺,讓媽媽們可以理直氣壯地使用紙尿褲。於是,幫寶適產品的銷售量才開始打開。
6.改變促銷方式
凡士林在1870年推出後,剛開始無人問津。發明人吉斯布洛只好親自站上推銷線上,結果他沿路開著車,每碰到一個人就送他一瓶試用,而這個方法也成為美國行銷史上第一次的免費贈品活動。
這些受贈凡士林的路人、農夫等在使用後發現有效,紛紛到藥店指明購買,於是才把凡士林的銷路打開。
新產品推出失敗的原因很多,包括行銷計畫不佳、產品名稱不對、產品定位不正確、定價太貴、通路不對等,若能真正找到問題癥結所在,改變策略再行銷,自然可以讓產品起死回生,再創銷售佳績。

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