2009年2月7日 星期六

2009商管好書閱讀指南》廣讀、體讀、心讀,建立「知識的生態系」

【撰文/謝明彧】

多讀書當然是好事,但沒時間讀那麼多書、讀完不見得讀通,卻也常讓人對閱讀卻步。

為解決這項困擾,近幾年日本書市非常流行所謂的「倍速讀書術」,標榜「一天一本」「一年500本」的讀書達人,紛紛出書教導如何速讀與廣讀,藉由全面而快速地涉獵,達到過濾資訊、理解概念與強化重點的目標。

不過,日本多摩大學教授田坂廣志在《President》雜誌2008年3月號中指出,這種「追求速度與數量」的做法,其實大有問題。

許多人滿口「杜拉克這樣說」「這是美國最新理論」,看似博覽群書,實際上並無法學以致用。這主要是因為速讀與廣讀雖然可以「長知識」,卻未必能「增智慧」,畢竟讀書的目的不只在「知」,更重要的是消化吸收,否則「片段的知識,知道再多也不過是雜學而已!」

學習知識的讀書:擴展思考範圍的「廣讀」

讀書的首要目的是「知識的學習」,但如果讀完了書,卻沒能讀通,也是枉然。田坂強調,想將書上的「死知識」變成「活的創造力和洞察力」,就必須以建構自身 「知識的生態系」的想法來讀書,也就是確立自己讀書的目的,然後以一個中心主題來發想,有機地將不同範疇的知識連結起來,架構出屬於自己獨特而有系統的觀 點。

至於如何建立自己的「知識生態系」?田坂建議,必須在讀書的同時,一邊進行相關內容的延伸思考,以拓展學習的廣度與深度。在做法上,有4種延伸思考的技巧:

技巧1:邊讀邊「自我深度提問」

田坂表示,只要提問,就會引發新的聯想,進而串連起相關的知識,從中孕育出自身的「知識的生態系」。

舉例來說,在閱讀《管理在管什麼?》這樣一本書時,除了理解基本知識(如「管理」的定義與理論)之外,更要進一步自問:「在網路革命及全球 暖化等趨勢下,管理的下一步會是什麼?」思考隨著時代及趨勢的演變,管理這門學問有哪些觀念是歷久彌新的,又有哪些必須與時俱進、甚至徹底被顛覆?

此外,與個人相關的各種議題也是延伸思考的重點所在,舉凡「公司是什麼」「工作報酬是什麼」「成功的意義何在」等問題,都能讓知識和個人產生聯繫。

技巧2:邊讀邊「連結現象,創造故事」

在閱讀的過程中,對應周遭環境正在發生的重大事件,思考「這些事之間可能有著什麼樣的關連?」田坂以自己為例說明,他在逛書店時,通常都會 輪流看各個分類書架上的書,一邊觀察「最新的話題為何」「多數人有興趣的書是什麼」「舊理論有哪些新應用」,一邊構思各種關於未來變化的可能「故事」。

例如在社會趨勢類書區中,發現「團塊世代紛紛屆臨退休」相關議題的書籍大量湧現;資訊管理類的書架上,「部落格架設」「資訊管理學」等書籍很多;在職業進修區看見《成為諮詢顧問的方法》等書。乍看都是不相干的資訊,但走出書店後,他便會在腦中描繪出以下的故事:

「退休後的團塊世代,有工作意願的人還很多,這之中應該有很多人不會考慮繼續在企業中任職,而會依據自身的工作經驗,在網路上提供收費的諮 詢顧問服務。這時,能否為自己架設一個專屬的部落格,做為新事業的基礎平台,以及能否有效地將過往經驗轉化為可傳授的知識,便是成功與否的關鍵。因此,提 升自我的知識管理與網路技能,將是下一波提升個人競爭力的學習重點。」

田坂表示,這種方法正是「將整間書店當作一本書來閱讀」,從單本的書籍內容以外,汲取許多潛在的關鍵情報。

技巧3:邊讀邊「留心有興趣的字詞」

至於構思故事的祕訣,則有待在平日閱讀中多留心觀察。田坂說,在讀書時,有些「特別有感覺」的字眼會沒來由地映入眼簾,他在當下通常不會追 問原因,只會先在筆記本寫下來,往往等到看過幾本書之後,就能抓出數個語詞做出相關的連結,進而產生新的概念與構想,他將這種方法稱為「知的創發」。畢竟 創新很難刻意營造,無意識下的迸發,有時反會帶來非常好的點子。

技巧4:邊讀邊「想像未來」

在各種提問與延伸聯想的方法中,田坂強調,最重要的莫過於「對未來的想像」。身處變遷快速的現代社會,集結成書的知識往往都已是第二手資訊,一味地生吞活剝,未能同步思考未來的可能面貌,將會局限個人的洞察力與創意發想。

能夠在閱讀的同時,一邊意識著「在所屬的產業中,將來會發生什麼?」是有助於將知識轉化為自身智慧最重要的思考課題。

掌握智慧的讀書:親身感受的「體讀」

讀書的第二層目的是「掌握智慧」,了解各種行為處事的方法與態度。俗話說「不經一事,不長一智」,許多智慧沒有親身經歷,只靠閱讀別人的經歷,很難有深刻體會。如何有效地透過閱讀來掌握難以言喻的智慧,田坂提出5個重點:

重點1:區分知識與智慧

請把別人在書裡分享的「智慧」,當成是「知識」就好。

舉例來說,市面上常見各種分享「成功方法與祕訣」的書籍,彷彿讀完就掌握了邁向成功之路的訣竅。但田?認為,成功人士的成功關鍵要素,有時 只是事後諸葛,而且常是「個人限定」。讀完名人的經驗談與智慧結晶,其實只是抓到「這樣做或許可以成功的『知識』」而已,還必須透過與自身經驗交互驗證, 才不會陷入誤解之中。

重點2:對照自身經驗

要確實理解書中的意涵,得透過將書中所述與自身經驗相對照,才能讓別人的文字成為自己的體悟,否則一切都只是「別人的經驗」而已。

例如業務達人在書中描述:「為緩和顧客與陌生人見面時的緊張感,與顧客會面時的最初幾分鐘,必須配合對方呼吸的節奏而呼吸。」有業務經驗的 讀者,看到這段文字時,腦中便浮現出拜訪客戶的場景,並開始思考書中所說的「該怎麼觀察對方」「該怎麼配合」「該用什麼速度調節呼吸」是不是真的可以派上 用場,這便是抓到了自身經驗中的重要智慧。

以書中文字為觸媒,讓智慧從自身經驗中浮現的讀書,就是「掌握智慧的讀書」。藉助於別人的經驗,發掘屬於自己的體悟。

重點3:抱持謙虛態度

最怕的就是有些人,由於經驗不足無法領略書中深奧的智慧,就武斷地批判「這本書寫啥都看不懂!」「這書毫無實用!」田?指出,若用這種「因為年輕而傲慢」的態度來讀書,就等於扼殺了把前人話語昇華為自身智慧的機會。

即使未曾體驗過書中所描述的內容,若能抱持著「謙虛的態度」來學習與記憶,如此在往後碰到類似情境時,就能兩相對照,將過往的文字轉化為自身智慧。

重點4:將感動瞬間銘記心中

在讀書時,務必要記得「共感的時刻」,也就是在讀到書中某句話時,心中產生了「啊呀!就是這樣!」那種被觸及、領略到智慧的感動瞬間。就如同平日辛勤操練是為了比賽奪冠時的榮耀,這種感動,是激發一個人追求智慧的最佳動力,也是自我成長的體認。

重點5:抱持實踐的覺悟

最後,尋求閱讀智慧最重要的一點,莫過於「實踐」。田坂指出,好不容易體悟了書中智慧,如果沒能真正落實到日常生活中,必定會日漸淡忘,尤其在資訊快速替換的時代,失去了,往往就難以追回了。在尋求智慧的同時,更要抱持著「十年修行」的覺悟,真正去實踐。

心靈食糧獲得的讀書:與作者神交的「心讀」

日本作家龜井勝一郎在《讀書論》中寫道:「讀書,就是與作者靈魂的邂逅。」田坂指出,讀書最高一層的目的,就是「獲得心靈的食糧」,這尤其 表現在許多談論生死、生命或情感等書本的閱讀中,讀者透過閱讀前人流傳下來的敘述,與作家跨時空地展開思辯與交流,從而得到人生的指引、精神的支柱。

田坂以閱讀《給飛鳥、給我未從見面的兒子》(暫譯,原文書名《飛鳥へ、そしてまだ見ぬ子へ》)一書時的感受為例說明:他藉由書中一位青年醫 生在被宣告僅剩幾個月性命後,留給孩子、妻子與雙親的手記,看見了一個人在僅有一次、無法重來的人生中該如何自處與生存,啟發了自己對生命更深沈的省思。

人們常被諸如重病、事故、家庭不合、親人亡故或部屬糾葛……等等難以忘懷的負面體驗所纏繞,這些僅屬於自己的「原體驗」,往往不是專業知識和理論所能明白 闡述或抒解緩和的,但是卻會對個人的行為處事決策產生重大影響。田坂說,透過讀書,看見別人如何做抉擇,思索對方如此選擇的理由,便能從這種「跨界的對 話」中,豐富心靈的食糧。有時候,多年解不開的執念,說不定就在某本書中的某一句話得到釋放。

這就是「心讀」,也正是古來所說的「言靈之力。當讀者與作者的靈魂產生共鳴時,那種改變,將會為我們的一生,掀開截然不同的一頁,而這是一個人無論喜不喜歡讀書,都該閱讀的理由。

【更多精采內容,請見《經理人月刊》2月號

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